SALVIA OFFICINALIS

Salvia plants are a rich source of polyphenol compounds with over 160 identified polyphenols, comprising an array of phenolic acids and flavonoids. These phenolic compounds include caffeic acid and its derivatives, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acids, sage-coumarin, lithospermic acids, sagernic acid, and yunnaneic acids. The most prevalent flavonoids include luteolin, apigenin, hispidulin, kaempferol and quercetin. Salvia Miltiorrhiza has been shown to protect mice from Ab-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting increases in tumour necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Tanshinones from Salvia Miltiorrhiza can also protect against Ab-induced toxicity by ameliorating mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), matrix metalloproteinase 2 and nuclear transcription factor-j. In mice exposed to an acute injection of Ab, rosmarinic acid also prevented Ab-induced nitration of proteins (an indirect indicator of peroxynitrite damage) in the hippocampus. Rosmarinic acid also prevented memory impairments induced by Ab toxicity. Protective effects from Ab toxicity have also been observed following the administration of the Salvia constituents, salvianolic acid, carnosic acid and quercetin. In vitro and animal studies have revealed that several Salvia species and their constituents are effective AChE inhibitors. The active constituents, rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid and quercetin, found in several Salvia species can also inhibit AChE activity. In one study, the administration of Salvia Miltiorrhiza to mice mitigated Ab-induced reductions in BDNF. Rosmarinic acid also protected against memory deficits induced by cerebral artery occlusion in mice.

PUBLISHED ARTICLES :

** Chin Med. 2019 May 21;14:19. doi: 10.1186/s13020-019-0242-0.eCollection 2019.

The effects of bioactive components from the rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) on the characteristics of Alzheimer's disease

** Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Sep 4;99(36):e21924. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000021924. 

Salvia miltiorrhiza improves Alzheimer's disease: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

** J Neuroinflammation. 2020 Oct 14;17(1):302. doi: 10.1186/s12974-020-01981-4. 

Tanshinone IIA attenuates neuroinflammation via inhibiting RAGE/NF-κB signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro

** Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2014 Feb 1;24(3):708-16.doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.042. Epub 2013 Dec 18.

Danshen diversity defeating dementia

** Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019 Jun 24;2019:3281260.doi:10.1155/2019/3281260.eCollection 2019.

Current Progress of Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases of Salvianolic Acid B

** Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Feb 3;19(2):458. doi: 10.3390/ijms19020458.

Molecular Pharmacology of Rosmarinic and Salvianolic Acids: Potential Seeds for Alzheimer's and Vascular Dementia Drugs

** Molecules. 2022 Jul 12;27(14):4463.doi: 10.3390/molecules27144463. 

A Novel Based-Network Strategy to Identify Phytochemicals from Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (Danshen) for Treating Alzheimer's Disease 

** J Biol Res (Thessalon). 2019 Nov 12;26:15.doi:10.1186/s40709-019-0102-1.eCollection 2019 Dec. 

Tanshinone IIA attenuates Aβ-induced neurotoxicity by down-regulating COX-2 expression and PGE2 synthesis via inactivation of NF-κB pathway in SH-SY5Y cells